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New gas proposal

Worst-case-across-clients gas costs derived from the runtime fits, compared against the current Osaka cost table. Rendered from the generated proposal report; see the runtime and glue pages for the underlying per-fit detail.

Generated 2026-07-21 12:25:26Z · fork osaka · anchor_rate 100 Mgas/s

Summary: 12 parameters proposed — 10 increased, 2 decreased, 0 new, 0 unresolved · 4 warnings · 0 poor-fit selections

Proposed gas parameters

Gas paramCurrent gasProposed gasΔ%
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS 2100 2430 +16%
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE 5000 13050 +161%
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS 2600 2254 -13%
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS 2600 2765 +6%
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE 9300 19599 +111%
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE 9300 19599 +111%
WARM_ACCESS 100 56 -44%
STORAGE_WRITE 2800 10620 +279%
ACCOUNT_WRITE 6700 17345 +159%
REFUND_STORAGE_CLEAR 4800 12528 +161%
TX_ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY 1900 2430 +28%
TX_ACCESS_LIST_ADDRESS 2400 2765 +15%

Client comparison

Worst client vs. second-worst client per gas parameter. The Ratio column is worst gas / second-worst gas — values close to 1× mean the worst case sits next to the rest of the field, while large ratios flag the worst client as an outlier.

Gas param Worst client Worst gas Second-worst client Second-worst gas Ratio
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS geth 2430 besu 1522 1.60×
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE geth 13050 besu 12689 1.03×
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS geth 2254 besu 1516 1.49×
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS besu 2765 erigon 2639 1.05×
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE erigon 19599 besu 11762 1.67×
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE erigon 19599 besu 11762 1.67×
WARM_ACCESS erigon 56 besu 43 1.30×

Per-client proposed gas for each parameter. Cells are colored by log2(proposed / current) — red means the proposal is more expensive than the current gas cost, green means cheaper, and white sits at unchanged. Annotations show the absolute proposed gas value; blank rows are parameters with no prior baseline (see warnings below).

besuerigonethrexgethnethermind
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS1,5227521,3882,430892
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE12,68912,0572,42713,0506,329
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS1,5161,2147332,254398
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS2,7652,6397912,3571,105
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE11,76219,5992,2389,5985,495
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE11,76219,5992,3029,6855,495
WARM_ACCESS4356111931

Worst-case provenance per gas param

One collapsible block per gas parameter showing every per-client candidate that the worst-case selector saw. Rows are model combos (the source regression's test_name, target_opcode, model_coef_name, and any model_by factors — components constant within a parameter are dropped from the label). Cells carry each candidate's proposed gas; the cell the per-client selector picked is outlined in black. Colors are log2(proposed / current) against that parameter's baseline on a per-parameter symmetric scale.

COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS — 4 combos × 5 clients
besuerigonethrexgethnethermind
test_sload_bloated · SLOAD · slots=False7477488902,430315
test_sload_bloated · SLOAD · slots=True1,4427151,3162,335861
test_sstore_bloated · SSTORE · slots=False8277529462,368312
test_sstore_bloated · SSTORE · slots=True1,5227251,3882,335892
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE — 2 combos × 5 clients
besuerigonethrexgethnethermind
slots=False12,68901,95313,0506,329
slots=True7,54612,0572,4279,3194,139
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS — 13 combos × 5 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=BALANCE
M2 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=BALANCE
M3 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALL
M4 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL
M5 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M6 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M7 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M8 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M9 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY
M10 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH
M11 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE
M12 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=STATICCALL
M13 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=STATICCALL
besuerigonethrexgethnethermind
M11,2471,0007231,071361
M21,2848942012,148320
M31,4731,1157331,107381
M41,5161,0162062,195372
M51,4111,0287311,103376
M61,4299492062,243360
M71,4181,0387311,113398
M81,4479522082,220352
M925943535
M101,2688562002,167342
M111,2808681972,163357
M121,4511,0557241,110387
M131,4991,2142022,254373
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS — 16 combos × 5 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=BALANCE
M2 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=BALANCE
M3 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALL
M4 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL
M5 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M6 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M7 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M8 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M9 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY
M10 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY
M11 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH
M12 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH
M13 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE
M14 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE
M15 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=STATICCALL
M16 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=STATICCALL
besuerigonethrexgethnethermind
M12,5772,4587732,287989
M21,2848942012,148320
M32,7652,6397912,3451,054
M41,5161,0162062,195372
M52,7452,5067822,3481,105
M61,4299492062,243360
M72,7072,5267912,3431,103
M81,4479522082,220352
M9149352076139
M1025943535
M112,5892,4407762,306993
M121,2688562002,167342
M132,5742,4947712,2861,006
M141,2808681972,163357
M152,7652,5507912,3571,072
M161,4991,2142022,254373
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE — 4 combos × 5 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALL
M2 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL
M3 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M4 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
besuerigonethrexgethnethermind
M17,3485,7332,2385,8002,734
M211,76219,5991,3349,5985,495
M32,49880401,316429
M4471134221,023165
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE — 4 combos × 5 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALL
M2 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL
M3 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M4 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
besuerigonethrexgethnethermind
M19,21116,7212,3029,6854,235
M211,76219,5991,3349,5985,495
M33,1042,11902,4011,167
M4471134221,023165
WARM_ACCESS — 8 combos × 5 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=BALANCE
M2 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=CALL
M3 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M4 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M5 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH
M6 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE
M7 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=STATICCALL
M8 test_name=test_storage_sload_same_key_benchmark / target_opcode=SLOAD / model_coef_name=target_coef
besuerigonethrexgethnethermind
M1862313
M24356111327
M34330111922
M43931111730
M58332419
M6852415
M74156111931
M8763516

Warnings

Missing parameters

None.

Incomplete client coverage

Clients with no estimations at all: reth. These configured clients produced no fits for any gas parameter — check that the runtimes CSV contains their rows and that the fixture-name conventions match. Inspect the evm_gasfit warnings in meta.json for the cause.

Missing glue adjustments

Non-priced opcodes correlated with the target opcount — 1 test affected

The target coefficient was left unadjusted for these. Consider adding them to the glue model or re-designing the test to isolate the target opcode.

Test name Non-priced opcodes
test_account_access CLZ
Priced glue opcodes with a poor fit — 15 (glue_opcode, client) fits skipped

p_value >= glue_contribution_p_value_threshold (0.05) or rsquared < glue_contribution_rsquared_threshold (0.5) — the contribution of these (glue_opcode, client) fits was skipped when computing the glue adjustment, so the listed gas params carry a target coefficient that is not net of this glue opcode's runtime on the affected clients. See glue_opcodes_autogenerated_report.md for per-fit metrics.

Glue opcode Affected clients Affected gas params
ADD nethermind (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE
CALLDATALOAD besu (both), erigon (R²), ethrex (R²), geth (R²), nethermind (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE
EXP nethermind (both) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE
GT besu (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS
KECCAK256 besu (R²), erigon (R²), ethrex (both), geth (R²), nethermind (both) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE
LT besu (R²) COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE
SWAP besu (R²) COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE

Other

Poor-fit selections

Rows where the winning fit's p-value exceeded modeling.poor_fit_p_value_threshold (0.05) or its R² fell below modeling.poor_fit_rsquared_threshold (0.5). The failing threshold(s) are noted alongside each row; selections in ### Winners with poor fit still drive the proposal, while ### Other weak candidates lists losing candidates that the selector dropped in favor of a qualified alternative. See runtime_estimation_autogenerated_report.md for per-fit runtime_ms, pvalue, and rsquared metrics.

Winners with poor fit

None.

Other weak candidates

COLD_STORAGE_WRITE — 1 weak combo
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_sstore_bloated SSTORE target_coef erigon (both), ethrex (R²)
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS — 1 weak combo
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_account_access EXTCODECOPY target_coef besu (R²), ethrex (R²)
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS — 2 weak combos
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_account_access EXTCODECOPY target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT besu (R²)
test_account_access EXTCODECOPY target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT besu (R²), ethrex (R²)
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE — 3 weak combos
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_account_access CALL target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL ethrex (R²)
test_account_access CALLCODE target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE ethrex (both)
test_account_access CALLCODE target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE ethrex (both), nethermind (R²)
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE — 3 weak combos
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_account_access CALL target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL ethrex (R²)
test_account_access CALLCODE target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE ethrex (both)
test_account_access CALLCODE target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE ethrex (both), nethermind (R²)
WARM_ACCESS — 4 weak combos
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_ext_account_query_warm BALANCE target_coef param_opcode=BALANCE besu (R²), ethrex (R²)
test_ext_account_query_warm EXTCODEHASH target_coef param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH besu (R²), ethrex (R²)
test_ext_account_query_warm EXTCODESIZE target_coef param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE besu (R²), ethrex (R²)
test_storage_sload_same_key_benchmark SLOAD target_coef besu (R²)