New gas proposal
Worst-case-across-clients gas costs derived from the runtime fits, compared against
the current Osaka cost table. Rendered from the generated proposal report; see the
runtime and glue pages for the
underlying per-fit detail.
Generated 2026-07-21 12:25:26Z · fork osaka · anchor_rate 100 Mgas/s
Summary: 12 parameters proposed — 10 increased, 2 decreased, 0 new, 0 unresolved · 4 warnings · 0 poor-fit selections
Proposed gas parameters
| Gas param | Current gas | Proposed gas | Δ% |
| COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS |
2100 |
2430 |
+16% |
| COLD_STORAGE_WRITE |
5000 |
13050 |
+161% |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS |
2600 |
2254 |
-13% |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS |
2600 |
2765 |
+6% |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE |
9300 |
19599 |
+111% |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE |
9300 |
19599 |
+111% |
| WARM_ACCESS |
100 |
56 |
-44% |
| STORAGE_WRITE |
2800 |
10620 |
+279% |
| ACCOUNT_WRITE |
6700 |
17345 |
+159% |
| REFUND_STORAGE_CLEAR |
4800 |
12528 |
+161% |
| TX_ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY |
1900 |
2430 |
+28% |
| TX_ACCESS_LIST_ADDRESS |
2400 |
2765 |
+15% |
Client comparison
Worst client vs. second-worst client per gas parameter. The Ratio column is worst gas / second-worst gas — values close to 1× mean the worst case sits next to the rest of the field, while large ratios flag the worst client as an outlier.
| Gas param |
Worst client |
Worst gas |
Second-worst client |
Second-worst gas |
Ratio |
| COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS |
geth |
2430 |
besu |
1522 |
1.60× |
| COLD_STORAGE_WRITE |
geth |
13050 |
besu |
12689 |
1.03× |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS |
geth |
2254 |
besu |
1516 |
1.49× |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS |
besu |
2765 |
erigon |
2639 |
1.05× |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE |
erigon |
19599 |
besu |
11762 |
1.67× |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE |
erigon |
19599 |
besu |
11762 |
1.67× |
| WARM_ACCESS |
erigon |
56 |
besu |
43 |
1.30× |
Per-client proposed gas for each parameter. Cells are colored by log2(proposed / current) — red means the proposal is more expensive than the current gas cost, green means cheaper, and white sits at unchanged. Annotations show the absolute proposed gas value; blank rows are parameters with no prior baseline (see warnings below).
| besu | erigon | ethrex | geth | nethermind |
|---|
| COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS | 1,522 | 752 | 1,388 | 2,430 | 892 |
|---|
| COLD_STORAGE_WRITE | 12,689 | 12,057 | 2,427 | 13,050 | 6,329 |
|---|
| COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS | 1,516 | 1,214 | 733 | 2,254 | 398 |
|---|
| COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS | 2,765 | 2,639 | 791 | 2,357 | 1,105 |
|---|
| COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE | 11,762 | 19,599 | 2,238 | 9,598 | 5,495 |
|---|
| COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE | 11,762 | 19,599 | 2,302 | 9,685 | 5,495 |
|---|
| WARM_ACCESS | 43 | 56 | 11 | 19 | 31 |
|---|
Worst-case provenance per gas param
One collapsible block per gas parameter showing every per-client candidate that the worst-case selector saw. Rows are model combos (the source regression's test_name, target_opcode, model_coef_name, and any model_by factors — components constant within a parameter are dropped from the label). Cells carry each candidate's proposed gas; the cell the per-client selector picked is outlined in black. Colors are log2(proposed / current) against that parameter's baseline on a per-parameter symmetric scale.
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS — 4 combos × 5 clients
| besu | erigon | ethrex | geth | nethermind |
|---|
| test_sload_bloated · SLOAD · slots=False | 747 | 748 | 890 | 2,430 | 315 |
|---|
| test_sload_bloated · SLOAD · slots=True | 1,442 | 715 | 1,316 | 2,335 | 861 |
|---|
| test_sstore_bloated · SSTORE · slots=False | 827 | 752 | 946 | 2,368 | 312 |
|---|
| test_sstore_bloated · SSTORE · slots=True | 1,522 | 725 | 1,388 | 2,335 | 892 |
|---|
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE — 2 combos × 5 clients
| besu | erigon | ethrex | geth | nethermind |
|---|
| slots=False | 12,689 | 0 | 1,953 | 13,050 | 6,329 |
|---|
| slots=True | 7,546 | 12,057 | 2,427 | 9,319 | 4,139 |
|---|
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS — 13 combos × 5 clients
| Label |
Combo |
M1 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=BALANCE |
M2 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=BALANCE |
M3 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALL |
M4 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL |
M5 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M6 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M7 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL |
M8 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL |
M9 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY |
M10 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH |
M11 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE |
M12 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=STATICCALL |
M13 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=STATICCALL |
| besu | erigon | ethrex | geth | nethermind |
|---|
| M1 | 1,247 | 1,000 | 723 | 1,071 | 361 |
|---|
| M2 | 1,284 | 894 | 201 | 2,148 | 320 |
|---|
| M3 | 1,473 | 1,115 | 733 | 1,107 | 381 |
|---|
| M4 | 1,516 | 1,016 | 206 | 2,195 | 372 |
|---|
| M5 | 1,411 | 1,028 | 731 | 1,103 | 376 |
|---|
| M6 | 1,429 | 949 | 206 | 2,243 | 360 |
|---|
| M7 | 1,418 | 1,038 | 731 | 1,113 | 398 |
|---|
| M8 | 1,447 | 952 | 208 | 2,220 | 352 |
|---|
| M9 | 25 | 9 | 4 | 35 | 35 |
|---|
| M10 | 1,268 | 856 | 200 | 2,167 | 342 |
|---|
| M11 | 1,280 | 868 | 197 | 2,163 | 357 |
|---|
| M12 | 1,451 | 1,055 | 724 | 1,110 | 387 |
|---|
| M13 | 1,499 | 1,214 | 202 | 2,254 | 373 |
|---|
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS — 16 combos × 5 clients
| Label |
Combo |
M1 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=BALANCE |
M2 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=BALANCE |
M3 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALL |
M4 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL |
M5 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M6 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M7 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL |
M8 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL |
M9 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY |
M10 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY |
M11 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH |
M12 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH |
M13 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE |
M14 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE |
M15 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=STATICCALL |
M16 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=STATICCALL |
| besu | erigon | ethrex | geth | nethermind |
|---|
| M1 | 2,577 | 2,458 | 773 | 2,287 | 989 |
|---|
| M2 | 1,284 | 894 | 201 | 2,148 | 320 |
|---|
| M3 | 2,765 | 2,639 | 791 | 2,345 | 1,054 |
|---|
| M4 | 1,516 | 1,016 | 206 | 2,195 | 372 |
|---|
| M5 | 2,745 | 2,506 | 782 | 2,348 | 1,105 |
|---|
| M6 | 1,429 | 949 | 206 | 2,243 | 360 |
|---|
| M7 | 2,707 | 2,526 | 791 | 2,343 | 1,103 |
|---|
| M8 | 1,447 | 952 | 208 | 2,220 | 352 |
|---|
| M9 | 149 | 35 | 20 | 76 | 139 |
|---|
| M10 | 25 | 9 | 4 | 35 | 35 |
|---|
| M11 | 2,589 | 2,440 | 776 | 2,306 | 993 |
|---|
| M12 | 1,268 | 856 | 200 | 2,167 | 342 |
|---|
| M13 | 2,574 | 2,494 | 771 | 2,286 | 1,006 |
|---|
| M14 | 1,280 | 868 | 197 | 2,163 | 357 |
|---|
| M15 | 2,765 | 2,550 | 791 | 2,357 | 1,072 |
|---|
| M16 | 1,499 | 1,214 | 202 | 2,254 | 373 |
|---|
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE — 4 combos × 5 clients
| Label |
Combo |
M1 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALL |
M2 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL |
M3 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M4 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
| besu | erigon | ethrex | geth | nethermind |
|---|
| M1 | 7,348 | 5,733 | 2,238 | 5,800 | 2,734 |
|---|
| M2 | 11,762 | 19,599 | 1,334 | 9,598 | 5,495 |
|---|
| M3 | 2,498 | 804 | 0 | 1,316 | 429 |
|---|
| M4 | 471 | 134 | 22 | 1,023 | 165 |
|---|
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE — 4 combos × 5 clients
| Label |
Combo |
M1 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALL |
M2 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL |
M3 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M4 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
| besu | erigon | ethrex | geth | nethermind |
|---|
| M1 | 9,211 | 16,721 | 2,302 | 9,685 | 4,235 |
|---|
| M2 | 11,762 | 19,599 | 1,334 | 9,598 | 5,495 |
|---|
| M3 | 3,104 | 2,119 | 0 | 2,401 | 1,167 |
|---|
| M4 | 471 | 134 | 22 | 1,023 | 165 |
|---|
WARM_ACCESS — 8 combos × 5 clients
| Label |
Combo |
M1 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=BALANCE |
M2 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=CALL |
M3 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M4 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL |
M5 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH |
M6 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE |
M7 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=STATICCALL |
M8 |
test_name=test_storage_sload_same_key_benchmark / target_opcode=SLOAD / model_coef_name=target_coef |
| besu | erigon | ethrex | geth | nethermind |
|---|
| M1 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 13 |
|---|
| M2 | 43 | 56 | 11 | 13 | 27 |
|---|
| M3 | 43 | 30 | 11 | 19 | 22 |
|---|
| M4 | 39 | 31 | 11 | 17 | 30 |
|---|
| M5 | 8 | 33 | 2 | 4 | 19 |
|---|
| M6 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 15 |
|---|
| M7 | 41 | 56 | 11 | 19 | 31 |
|---|
| M8 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 16 |
|---|
Warnings
Missing parameters
None.
Incomplete client coverage
Clients with no estimations at all: reth. These configured clients produced no fits for any gas parameter — check that the runtimes CSV contains their rows and that the fixture-name conventions match. Inspect the evm_gasfit warnings in meta.json for the cause.
Missing glue adjustments
Non-priced opcodes correlated with the target opcount — 1 test affected
The target coefficient was left unadjusted for these. Consider adding them to the glue model or re-designing the test to isolate the target opcode.
| Test name |
Non-priced opcodes |
test_account_access |
CLZ |
Priced glue opcodes with a poor fit — 15 (glue_opcode, client) fits skipped
p_value >= glue_contribution_p_value_threshold (0.05) or rsquared < glue_contribution_rsquared_threshold (0.5) — the contribution of these (glue_opcode, client) fits was skipped when computing the glue adjustment, so the listed gas params carry a target coefficient that is not net of this glue opcode's runtime on the affected clients. See glue_opcodes_autogenerated_report.md for per-fit metrics.
| Glue opcode |
Affected clients |
Affected gas params |
ADD |
nethermind (R²) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE |
CALLDATALOAD |
besu (both), erigon (R²), ethrex (R²), geth (R²), nethermind (R²) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE |
EXP |
nethermind (both) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE |
GT |
besu (R²) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS |
KECCAK256 |
besu (R²), erigon (R²), ethrex (both), geth (R²), nethermind (both) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE |
LT |
besu (R²) |
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE |
SWAP |
besu (R²) |
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE |
Other
- derived: 'REFUND_STORAGE_CLEAR' shadows a raw fork field on 'osaka'
- derived: 'TX_ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY' shadows a raw fork field on 'osaka'
- derived: 'TX_ACCESS_LIST_ADDRESS' shadows a raw fork field on 'osaka'
Poor-fit selections
Rows where the winning fit's p-value exceeded modeling.poor_fit_p_value_threshold (0.05) or its R² fell below modeling.poor_fit_rsquared_threshold (0.5). The failing threshold(s) are noted alongside each row; selections in ### Winners with poor fit still drive the proposal, while ### Other weak candidates lists losing candidates that the selector dropped in favor of a qualified alternative. See runtime_estimation_autogenerated_report.md for per-fit runtime_ms, pvalue, and rsquared metrics.
Winners with poor fit
None.
Other weak candidates
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE — 1 weak combo
| Test |
Target opcode |
Coef |
Combo |
Failing clients |
test_sstore_bloated |
SSTORE |
target_coef |
— |
erigon (both), ethrex (R²) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS — 1 weak combo
| Test |
Target opcode |
Coef |
Combo |
Failing clients |
test_account_access |
EXTCODECOPY |
target_coef |
— |
besu (R²), ethrex (R²) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS — 2 weak combos
| Test |
Target opcode |
Coef |
Combo |
Failing clients |
test_account_access |
EXTCODECOPY |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT |
besu (R²) |
test_account_access |
EXTCODECOPY |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT |
besu (R²), ethrex (R²) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE — 3 weak combos
| Test |
Target opcode |
Coef |
Combo |
Failing clients |
test_account_access |
CALL |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL |
ethrex (R²) |
test_account_access |
CALLCODE |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
ethrex (both) |
test_account_access |
CALLCODE |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
ethrex (both), nethermind (R²) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE — 3 weak combos
| Test |
Target opcode |
Coef |
Combo |
Failing clients |
test_account_access |
CALL |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL |
ethrex (R²) |
test_account_access |
CALLCODE |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
ethrex (both) |
test_account_access |
CALLCODE |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
ethrex (both), nethermind (R²) |
WARM_ACCESS — 4 weak combos
| Test |
Target opcode |
Coef |
Combo |
Failing clients |
test_ext_account_query_warm |
BALANCE |
target_coef |
param_opcode=BALANCE |
besu (R²), ethrex (R²) |
test_ext_account_query_warm |
EXTCODEHASH |
target_coef |
param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH |
besu (R²), ethrex (R²) |
test_ext_account_query_warm |
EXTCODESIZE |
target_coef |
param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE |
besu (R²), ethrex (R²) |
test_storage_sload_same_key_benchmark |
SLOAD |
target_coef |
— |
besu (R²) |