New gas proposal
Worst-case-across-clients gas costs derived from the runtime fits, compared against
the current Osaka cost table. Rendered from the generated proposal report; see the
runtime and glue pages for the
underlying per-fit detail.
Generated 2026-06-12 14:41:02Z · fork osaka · anchor_rate 100 Mgas/s
Summary: 12 parameters proposed — 11 increased, 1 decreased, 0 new, 0 unresolved · 4 warnings · 0 poor-fit selections
Proposed gas parameters
| Gas param | Current gas | Proposed gas | Δ% |
| COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS |
2100 |
17025 |
+711% |
| COLD_STORAGE_WRITE |
5000 |
117714 |
+2254% |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS |
2600 |
4016 |
+54% |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS |
2600 |
8722 |
+235% |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE |
9300 |
155392 |
+1571% |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE |
9300 |
155392 |
+1571% |
| WARM_ACCESS |
100 |
70 |
-30% |
| STORAGE_WRITE |
2800 |
100689 |
+3496% |
| ACCOUNT_WRITE |
6700 |
151376 |
+2159% |
| REFUND_STORAGE_CLEAR |
4800 |
113006 |
+2254% |
| TX_ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY |
1900 |
17025 |
+796% |
| TX_ACCESS_LIST_ADDRESS |
2400 |
8722 |
+263% |
Client comparison
Worst client vs. second-worst client per gas parameter. The Ratio column is worst gas / second-worst gas — values close to 1× mean the worst case sits next to the rest of the field, while large ratios flag the worst client as an outlier.
| Gas param |
Worst client |
Worst gas |
Second-worst client |
Second-worst gas |
Ratio |
| COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS |
geth |
17025 |
nethermind |
2581 |
6.60× |
| COLD_STORAGE_WRITE |
erigon |
117714 |
geth |
51614 |
2.28× |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS |
geth |
4016 |
erigon |
1171 |
3.43× |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS |
erigon |
8722 |
geth |
4416 |
1.98× |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE |
erigon |
155392 |
reth |
14953 |
10.39× |
| COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE |
erigon |
155392 |
reth |
15478 |
10.04× |
| WARM_ACCESS |
geth |
70 |
erigon |
51 |
1.37× |
Per-client proposed gas for each parameter. Cells are colored by log2(proposed / current) — red means the proposal is more expensive than the current gas cost, green means cheaper, and white sits at unchanged. Annotations show the absolute proposed gas value; blank rows are parameters with no prior baseline (see warnings below).
| erigon | geth | nethermind | reth |
|---|
| COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS | 614 | 17,025 | 2,581 | 152 |
|---|
| COLD_STORAGE_WRITE | 117,714 | 51,614 | 6,728 | 14,811 |
|---|
| COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS | 1,171 | 4,016 | 674 | 116 |
|---|
| COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS | 8,722 | 4,416 | 2,211 | 3,744 |
|---|
| COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE | 155,392 | 5,251 | 4,163 | 14,953 |
|---|
| COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE | 155,392 | 9,591 | 5,931 | 15,478 |
|---|
| WARM_ACCESS | 51 | 70 | 49 | 5 |
|---|
Worst-case provenance per gas param
One collapsible block per gas parameter showing every per-client candidate that the worst-case selector saw. Rows are model combos (the source regression's test_name, target_opcode, model_coef_name, and any model_by factors — components constant within a parameter are dropped from the label). Cells carry each candidate's proposed gas; the cell the per-client selector picked is outlined in black. Colors are log2(proposed / current) against that parameter's baseline on a per-parameter symmetric scale.
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS — 4 combos × 4 clients
| erigon | geth | nethermind | reth |
|---|
| test_sload_bloated · SLOAD · slots=False | 614 | 17,025 | 370 | 132 |
|---|
| test_sload_bloated · SLOAD · slots=True | 566 | 16,272 | 2,441 | 144 |
|---|
| test_sstore_bloated · SSTORE · slots=False | 611 | 3,813 | 382 | 133 |
|---|
| test_sstore_bloated · SSTORE · slots=True | 566 | 3,263 | 2,581 | 152 |
|---|
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE — 2 combos × 4 clients
| erigon | geth | nethermind | reth |
|---|
| slots=False | 117,714 | 51,614 | 6,442 | 758 |
|---|
| slots=True | 57,197 | 11,059 | 6,728 | 14,811 |
|---|
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS — 13 combos × 4 clients
| Label |
Combo |
M1 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=BALANCE |
M2 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=BALANCE |
M3 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALL |
M4 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL |
M5 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M6 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M7 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL |
M8 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL |
M9 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY |
M10 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH |
M11 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE |
M12 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=STATICCALL |
M13 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=STATICCALL |
| erigon | geth | nethermind | reth |
|---|
| M1 | 982 | 1,203 | 564 | 109 |
|---|
| M2 | 911 | 2,813 | 497 | 92 |
|---|
| M3 | 1,105 | 1,218 | 624 | 115 |
|---|
| M4 | 1,003 | 3,124 | 629 | 99 |
|---|
| M5 | 1,012 | 1,292 | 674 | 108 |
|---|
| M6 | 942 | 3,322 | 591 | 97 |
|---|
| M7 | 997 | 1,201 | 629 | 112 |
|---|
| M8 | 944 | 3,324 | 590 | 96 |
|---|
| M9 | 7 | 80 | 32 | 2 |
|---|
| M10 | 859 | 4,016 | 514 | 92 |
|---|
| M11 | 874 | 3,940 | 455 | 92 |
|---|
| M12 | 1,015 | 1,217 | 651 | 116 |
|---|
| M13 | 1,171 | 3,518 | 501 | 99 |
|---|
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS — 16 combos × 4 clients
| Label |
Combo |
M1 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=BALANCE |
M2 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=BALANCE |
M3 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALL |
M4 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL |
M5 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M6 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M7 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL |
M8 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL |
M9 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY |
M10 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY |
M11 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH |
M12 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH |
M13 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE |
M14 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE |
M15 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=STATICCALL |
M16 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=STATICCALL |
| erigon | geth | nethermind | reth |
|---|
| M1 | 3,579 | 3,448 | 1,948 | 3,025 |
|---|
| M2 | 911 | 2,813 | 497 | 92 |
|---|
| M3 | 8,722 | 4,416 | 2,092 | 3,465 |
|---|
| M4 | 1,003 | 3,124 | 629 | 99 |
|---|
| M5 | 8,714 | 3,276 | 2,102 | 3,034 |
|---|
| M6 | 942 | 3,322 | 591 | 97 |
|---|
| M7 | 8,689 | 3,621 | 2,033 | 3,744 |
|---|
| M8 | 944 | 3,324 | 590 | 96 |
|---|
| M9 | 32 | 289 | 103 | 9 |
|---|
| M10 | 7 | 80 | 32 | 2 |
|---|
| M11 | 3,536 | 3,423 | 1,978 | 3,555 |
|---|
| M12 | 859 | 4,016 | 514 | 92 |
|---|
| M13 | 8,554 | 4,391 | 2,130 | 3,597 |
|---|
| M14 | 874 | 3,940 | 455 | 92 |
|---|
| M15 | 8,702 | 4,313 | 2,211 | 3,566 |
|---|
| M16 | 1,171 | 3,518 | 501 | 99 |
|---|
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE — 4 combos × 4 clients
| Label |
Combo |
M1 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALL |
M2 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL |
M3 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M4 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
| erigon | geth | nethermind | reth |
|---|
| M1 | 23,251 | 5,251 | 3,182 | 14,953 |
|---|
| M2 | 155,392 | 11,484 | 4,163 | 705 |
|---|
| M3 | 793 | 1,266 | 583 | 121 |
|---|
| M4 | 182 | 792 | 236 | 24 |
|---|
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE — 4 combos × 4 clients
| Label |
Combo |
M1 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALL |
M2 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL |
M3 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M4 |
test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
| erigon | geth | nethermind | reth |
|---|
| M1 | 112,575 | 9,591 | 5,931 | 15,478 |
|---|
| M2 | 155,392 | 11,484 | 4,163 | 705 |
|---|
| M3 | 8,265 | 5,498 | 2,039 | 1,330 |
|---|
| M4 | 182 | 792 | 236 | 24 |
|---|
WARM_ACCESS — 8 combos × 4 clients
| Label |
Combo |
M1 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=BALANCE |
M2 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=CALL |
M3 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
M4 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL |
M5 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH |
M6 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE |
M7 |
test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=STATICCALL |
M8 |
test_name=test_storage_sload_same_key_benchmark / target_opcode=SLOAD / model_coef_name=target_coef |
| erigon | geth | nethermind | reth |
|---|
| M1 | 5 | 14 | 14 | 1 |
|---|
| M2 | 51 | 59 | 46 | 5 |
|---|
| M3 | 28 | 70 | 47 | 5 |
|---|
| M4 | 28 | 56 | 42 | 5 |
|---|
| M5 | 25 | 20 | 20 | 1 |
|---|
| M6 | 5 | 15 | 18 | 1 |
|---|
| M7 | 48 | 66 | 49 | 5 |
|---|
| M8 | 5 | 22 | 15 | 1 |
|---|
Warnings
Missing parameters
None.
Incomplete client coverage
Clients with no estimations at all: besu, ethrex. These configured clients produced no fits for any gas parameter — check that the runtimes CSV contains their rows and that the fixture-name conventions match. Inspect the evm_gasfit warnings in meta.json for the cause.
Missing glue adjustments
Non-priced opcodes correlated with the target opcount — 1 test affected
The target coefficient was left unadjusted for these. Consider adding them to the glue model or re-designing the test to isolate the target opcode.
| Test name |
Non-priced opcodes |
test_account_access |
CLZ |
Priced glue opcodes with a poor fit — 19 (glue_opcode, client) fits skipped
p_value >= glue_contribution_p_value_threshold (0.05) or rsquared < glue_contribution_rsquared_threshold (0.5) — the contribution of these (glue_opcode, client) fits was skipped when computing the glue adjustment, so the listed gas params carry a target coefficient that is not net of this glue opcode's runtime on the affected clients. See glue_opcodes_autogenerated_report.md for per-fit metrics.
| Glue opcode |
Affected clients |
Affected gas params |
CALLDATALOAD |
besu (both), erigon (R²), geth (R²), nethermind (both), reth (R²) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE |
EXP |
nethermind (both) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE |
GT |
nethermind (R²) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS |
ISZERO |
nethermind (R²) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE |
JUMP |
besu (R²) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE |
KECCAK256 |
besu (R²), erigon (R²), geth (R²), nethermind (both), reth (both) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE |
LT |
nethermind (R²) |
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE |
MSTORE |
reth (R²) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE |
PUSH0 |
besu (p-value) |
— |
SELFBALANCE |
besu (R²) |
— |
SWAP |
nethermind (R²) |
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE |
Other
- derived: 'REFUND_STORAGE_CLEAR' shadows a raw fork field on 'osaka'
- derived: 'TX_ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY' shadows a raw fork field on 'osaka'
- derived: 'TX_ACCESS_LIST_ADDRESS' shadows a raw fork field on 'osaka'
Poor-fit selections
Rows where the winning fit's p-value exceeded modeling.poor_fit_p_value_threshold (0.05) or its R² fell below modeling.poor_fit_rsquared_threshold (0.5). The failing threshold(s) are noted alongside each row; selections in ### Winners with poor fit still drive the proposal, while ### Other weak candidates lists losing candidates that the selector dropped in favor of a qualified alternative. See runtime_estimation_autogenerated_report.md for per-fit runtime_ms, pvalue, and rsquared metrics.
Winners with poor fit
None.
Other weak candidates
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE — 1 weak combo
| Test |
Target opcode |
Coef |
Combo |
Failing clients |
test_sstore_bloated |
SSTORE |
target_coef |
— |
nethermind (R²), reth (both) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE — 3 weak combos
| Test |
Target opcode |
Coef |
Combo |
Failing clients |
test_account_access |
CALL |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL |
geth (R²), reth (both) |
test_account_access |
CALLCODE |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
geth (R²) |
test_account_access |
CALLCODE |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
geth (both) |
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE — 3 weak combos
| Test |
Target opcode |
Coef |
Combo |
Failing clients |
test_account_access |
CALL |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL |
geth (R²), reth (both) |
test_account_access |
CALLCODE |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
reth (R²) |
test_account_access |
CALLCODE |
target_coef |
param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE |
geth (both) |