EIP-8038 Repricing
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older run · latest of 12

New gas proposal

Worst-case-across-clients gas costs derived from the runtime fits, compared against the current Osaka cost table. Rendered from the generated proposal report; see the runtime and glue pages for the underlying per-fit detail.

Generated 2026-07-06 07:41:22Z · fork osaka · anchor_rate 100 Mgas/s

Summary: 12 parameters proposed — 10 increased, 2 decreased, 0 new, 0 unresolved · 4 warnings · 0 poor-fit selections

Proposed gas parameters

Gas paramCurrent gasProposed gasΔ%
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS 2100 2430 +16%
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE 5000 13564 +171%
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS 2600 2264 -13%
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS 2600 4592 +77%
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE 9300 25059 +169%
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE 9300 25399 +173%
WARM_ACCESS 100 64 -36%
STORAGE_WRITE 2800 11134 +298%
ACCOUNT_WRITE 6700 22795 +240%
REFUND_STORAGE_CLEAR 4800 13022 +171%
TX_ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY 1900 2430 +28%
TX_ACCESS_LIST_ADDRESS 2400 4592 +91%

Client comparison

Worst client vs. second-worst client per gas parameter. The Ratio column is worst gas / second-worst gas — values close to 1× mean the worst case sits next to the rest of the field, while large ratios flag the worst client as an outlier.

Gas param Worst client Worst gas Second-worst client Second-worst gas Ratio
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS geth 2430 besu 1518 1.60×
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE besu 13564 geth 13504 1.00×
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS geth 2264 besu 1593 1.42×
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS erigon 4592 besu 2684 1.71×
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE erigon 25059 besu 17802 1.41×
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE erigon 25399 besu 17802 1.43×
WARM_ACCESS besu 64 erigon 50 1.28×

Per-client proposed gas for each parameter. Cells are colored by log2(proposed / current) — red means the proposal is more expensive than the current gas cost, green means cheaper, and white sits at unchanged. Annotations show the absolute proposed gas value; blank rows are parameters with no prior baseline (see warnings below).

besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS1,5186581,4632,430899147
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE13,56413,3032,51713,5044,7893,910
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS1,5931,1517282,264433110
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS2,6844,5927942,3471,499406
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE17,80225,0592,2619,6304,7662,297
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE17,80225,3992,3649,6984,7662,788
WARM_ACCESS64501119406

Worst-case provenance per gas param

One collapsible block per gas parameter showing every per-client candidate that the worst-case selector saw. Rows are model combos (the source regression's test_name, target_opcode, model_coef_name, and any model_by factors — components constant within a parameter are dropped from the label). Cells carry each candidate's proposed gas; the cell the per-client selector picked is outlined in black. Colors are log2(proposed / current) against that parameter's baseline on a per-parameter symmetric scale.

COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS — 4 combos × 6 clients
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
test_sload_bloated · SLOAD · slots=False7836559822,430336125
test_sload_bloated · SLOAD · slots=True1,4866431,4022,377890144
test_sstore_bloated · SSTORE · slots=False7956581,0342,397330128
test_sstore_bloated · SSTORE · slots=True1,5186411,4632,343899147
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE — 2 combos × 6 clients
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
slots=False13,56421,3831,90413,5044,7893,910
slots=True5,84813,3032,5179,3393,6672,393
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS — 13 combos × 6 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=BALANCE
M2 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=BALANCE
M3 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALL
M4 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL
M5 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M6 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M7 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M8 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M9 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY
M10 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH
M11 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE
M12 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=STATICCALL
M13 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=STATICCALL
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
M11,2719657181,068399106
M21,3178742012,16035475
M31,5241,1067271,087415109
M41,5931,0112052,19440777
M51,4471,0007281,106389110
M61,4679172052,26338575
M71,4331,0007271,105433109
M81,4789412032,23640877
M9559435343
M101,3088422002,15637874
M111,3008641972,16438971
M121,5131,0397261,105421109
M131,5821,1512032,26439677
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS — 16 combos × 6 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=BALANCE
M2 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=BALANCE
M3 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALL
M4 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL
M5 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M6 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M7 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M8 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M9 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY
M10 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY
M11 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH
M12 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH
M13 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE
M14 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE
M15 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=STATICCALL
M16 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=STATICCALL
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
M12,4832,4187712,2871,281392
M21,3178742012,16035475
M32,6764,5927942,3471,499404
M41,5931,0112052,19440777
M52,6634,5737942,3411,395403
M61,4679172052,26338575
M72,6544,5077862,3371,390406
M81,4789412032,23640877
M918834217713512
M10559435343
M112,4712,3997732,3031,349398
M121,3088422002,15637874
M132,5004,4777742,3051,274400
M141,3008641972,16438971
M152,6844,4727892,3381,486406
M161,5821,1512032,26439677
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE — 4 combos × 6 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALL
M2 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL
M3 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M4 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
M15,9797,8722,2615,8902,9532,297
M217,80225,0591,1029,6304,7662,430
M32,32078801,357428158
M4545195501,03714727
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE — 4 combos × 6 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALL
M2 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL
M3 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M4 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
M17,72725,3992,3649,6984,6912,788
M217,80225,0591,1029,6304,7662,430
M32,8144,00902,4901,329498
M4545195501,03714727
WARM_ACCESS — 8 combos × 6 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=BALANCE
M2 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=CALL
M3 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M4 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M5 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH
M6 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE
M7 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=STATICCALL
M8 test_name=test_storage_sload_same_key_benchmark / target_opcode=SLOAD / model_coef_name=target_coef
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
M123723132
M248501114376
M364311119216
M460281116406
M5203224242
M622724171
M745491119356
M825535161

Warnings

Missing parameters

None.

Incomplete client coverage

None.

Missing glue adjustments

Non-priced opcodes correlated with the target opcount — 1 test affected

The target coefficient was left unadjusted for these. Consider adding them to the glue model or re-designing the test to isolate the target opcode.

Test name Non-priced opcodes
test_account_access CLZ
Priced glue opcodes with a poor fit — 26 (glue_opcode, client) fits skipped

p_value >= glue_contribution_p_value_threshold (0.05) or rsquared < glue_contribution_rsquared_threshold (0.5) — the contribution of these (glue_opcode, client) fits was skipped when computing the glue adjustment, so the listed gas params carry a target coefficient that is not net of this glue opcode's runtime on the affected clients. See glue_opcodes_autogenerated_report.md for per-fit metrics.

Glue opcode Affected clients Affected gas params
ADD nethermind (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE
CALLDATALOAD besu (both), erigon (R²), ethrex (R²), geth (R²), nethermind (both), reth (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE
CALLDATASIZE reth (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE
DUP reth (R²) COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE
EXP nethermind (both) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE
GAS reth (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, WARM_ACCESS
GT besu (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS
KECCAK256 besu (R²), erigon (R²), ethrex (both), geth (R²), nethermind (both), reth (both) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE
LT besu (R²) COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE
MLOAD reth (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, WARM_ACCESS
MSTORE reth (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE
PC reth (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS
PUSH reth (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE, WARM_ACCESS
PUSH0 reth (R²) —
STATICCALL reth (R²) —
SWAP besu (R²) COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE

Other

Poor-fit selections

Rows where the winning fit's p-value exceeded modeling.poor_fit_p_value_threshold (0.05) or its R² fell below modeling.poor_fit_rsquared_threshold (0.5). The failing threshold(s) are noted alongside each row; selections in ### Winners with poor fit still drive the proposal, while ### Other weak candidates lists losing candidates that the selector dropped in favor of a qualified alternative. See runtime_estimation_autogenerated_report.md for per-fit runtime_ms, pvalue, and rsquared metrics.

Winners with poor fit

None.

Other weak candidates

COLD_STORAGE_WRITE — 1 weak combo
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_sstore_bloated SSTORE target_coef — erigon (R²), ethrex (R²)
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS — 1 weak combo
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_account_access EXTCODECOPY target_coef — besu (R²), ethrex (R²), reth (R²)
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS — 2 weak combos
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_account_access EXTCODECOPY target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT besu (R²)
test_account_access EXTCODECOPY target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT besu (R²), ethrex (R²), reth (R²)
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE — 3 weak combos
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_account_access CALL target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL ethrex (R²), reth (R²)
test_account_access CALLCODE target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE ethrex (both)
test_account_access CALLCODE target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE besu (R²), ethrex (R²), nethermind (R²), reth (R²)
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE — 3 weak combos
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_account_access CALL target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL ethrex (R²), reth (R²)
test_account_access CALLCODE target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE erigon (R²), ethrex (both)
test_account_access CALLCODE target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE besu (R²), ethrex (R²), nethermind (R²), reth (R²)
WARM_ACCESS — 4 weak combos
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_ext_account_query_warm BALANCE target_coef param_opcode=BALANCE besu (R²), ethrex (R²)
test_ext_account_query_warm EXTCODEHASH target_coef param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH besu (R²), ethrex (R²)
test_ext_account_query_warm EXTCODESIZE target_coef param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE besu (R²), ethrex (R²)
test_storage_sload_same_key_benchmark SLOAD target_coef — reth (R²)