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New gas proposal

Worst-case-across-clients gas costs derived from the runtime fits, compared against the current Osaka cost table. Rendered from the generated proposal report; see the runtime and glue pages for the underlying per-fit detail.

Generated 2026-06-23 14:36:29Z · fork osaka · anchor_rate 100 Mgas/s

Summary: 12 parameters proposed — 10 increased, 2 decreased, 0 new, 0 unresolved · 4 warnings · 0 poor-fit selections

Proposed gas parameters

Gas paramCurrent gasProposed gasΔ%
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS 2100 2430 +16%
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE 5000 14194 +184%
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS 2600 2268 -13%
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS 2600 4974 +91%
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE 9300 18092 +95%
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE 9300 21715 +133%
WARM_ACCESS 100 69 -31%
STORAGE_WRITE 2800 11764 +320%
ACCOUNT_WRITE 6700 16741 +150%
REFUND_STORAGE_CLEAR 4800 13627 +184%
TX_ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY 1900 2430 +28%
TX_ACCESS_LIST_ADDRESS 2400 4974 +107%

Client comparison

Worst client vs. second-worst client per gas parameter. The Ratio column is worst gas / second-worst gas — values close to 1× mean the worst case sits next to the rest of the field, while large ratios flag the worst client as an outlier.

Gas param Worst client Worst gas Second-worst client Second-worst gas Ratio
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS geth 2430 besu 1548 1.57×
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE besu 14194 geth 13181 1.08×
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS geth 2268 besu 1646 1.38×
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS erigon 4974 besu 2730 1.82×
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE besu 18092 erigon 15926 1.14×
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE erigon 21715 besu 18092 1.20×
WARM_ACCESS besu 69 erigon 49 1.41×

Per-client proposed gas for each parameter. Cells are colored by log2(proposed / current) — red means the proposal is more expensive than the current gas cost, green means cheaper, and white sits at unchanged. Annotations show the absolute proposed gas value; blank rows are parameters with no prior baseline (see warnings below).

besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS1,5485911,3352,430916151
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE14,1947,8462,43013,1814,7944,015
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS1,6461,0806962,268484111
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS2,7304,9747612,3531,547407
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE18,09215,9262,3109,5685,1812,326
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE18,09221,7152,4079,7305,1812,785
WARM_ACCESS69491119397

Worst-case provenance per gas param

One collapsible block per gas parameter showing every per-client candidate that the worst-case selector saw. Rows are model combos (the source regression's test_name, target_opcode, model_coef_name, and any model_by factors — components constant within a parameter are dropped from the label). Cells carry each candidate's proposed gas; the cell the per-client selector picked is outlined in black. Colors are log2(proposed / current) against that parameter's baseline on a per-parameter symmetric scale.

COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS — 4 combos × 6 clients
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
test_sload_bloated · SLOAD · slots=False7945918592,430343130
test_sload_bloated · SLOAD · slots=True1,5135351,2672,369905149
test_sstore_bloated · SSTORE · slots=False8575919142,405328130
test_sstore_bloated · SSTORE · slots=True1,5485291,3352,343916151
COLD_STORAGE_WRITE — 2 combos × 6 clients
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
slots=False14,1947,8462,12413,1814,7944,015
slots=True6,0437,4702,4309,2653,6452,387
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS — 13 combos × 6 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=BALANCE
M2 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=BALANCE
M3 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALL
M4 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL
M5 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M6 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M7 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M8 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M9 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY
M10 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH
M11 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE
M12 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=STATICCALL
M13 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=STATICCALL
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
M11,2858966941,056393107
M21,3508031902,14936177
M31,5641,0156961,081484111
M41,6469052002,20043683
M51,4959096951,101420109
M61,5108531992,26340179
M71,4609166961,097470106
M81,4958591982,23040481
M9548436363
M101,3407691932,16236976
M111,3177791922,15839974
M121,5469336961,105429108
M131,6291,0802002,26843580
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS — 16 combos × 6 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=BALANCE
M2 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=BALANCE
M3 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALL
M4 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL
M5 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M6 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M7 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M8 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M9 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY
M10 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODECOPY / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODECOPY
M11 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH
M12 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH
M13 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE
M14 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE
M15 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=STATICCALL
M16 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=STATICCALL
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
M12,5072,4727382,2951,341398
M21,3508031902,14936177
M32,7304,9747562,3331,498401
M41,6469052002,20043683
M52,7054,9267582,3531,547398
M61,5108531992,26340179
M72,7044,9397472,3321,512407
M81,4958591982,23040481
M918931247713411
M10548436363
M112,5262,4337382,3011,312391
M121,3407691932,16236976
M132,5264,8757462,3161,411400
M141,3177791922,15839974
M152,7124,9487612,3391,340405
M161,6291,0802002,26843580
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE — 4 combos × 6 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALL
M2 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL
M3 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M4 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
M16,0306,0112,3105,8003,1292,326
M218,09215,9261,5339,5685,1812,603
M32,34573501,320453151
M4546189431,04817025
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE — 4 combos × 6 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALL
M2 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL
M3 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M4 test_name=test_account_access / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
M17,87221,7152,4079,7304,6482,785
M218,09215,9261,5339,5685,1812,603
M32,8244,53402,4541,530496
M4546189431,04817025
WARM_ACCESS — 8 combos × 6 clients
Label Combo
M1 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=BALANCE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=BALANCE
M2 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=CALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=CALL
M3 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=CALLCODE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=CALLCODE
M4 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=DELEGATECALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=DELEGATECALL
M5 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=EXTCODEHASH / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH
M6 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=EXTCODESIZE / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE
M7 test_name=test_ext_account_query_warm / target_opcode=STATICCALL / model_coef_name=target_coef / param_opcode=STATICCALL
M8 test_name=test_storage_sload_same_key_benchmark / target_opcode=SLOAD / model_coef_name=target_coef
besuerigonethrexgethnethermindreth
M121523152
M253491014377
M369271119237
M465271016396
M5222924252
M622523171
M743491019336
M825535161

Warnings

Missing parameters

None.

Incomplete client coverage

None.

Missing glue adjustments

Non-priced opcodes correlated with the target opcount — 1 test affected

The target coefficient was left unadjusted for these. Consider adding them to the glue model or re-designing the test to isolate the target opcode.

Test name Non-priced opcodes
test_account_access CLZ
Priced glue opcodes with a poor fit — 21 (glue_opcode, client) fits skipped

p_value >= glue_contribution_p_value_threshold (0.05) or rsquared < glue_contribution_rsquared_threshold (0.5) — the contribution of these (glue_opcode, client) fits was skipped when computing the glue adjustment, so the listed gas params carry a target coefficient that is not net of this glue opcode's runtime on the affected clients. See glue_opcodes_autogenerated_report.md for per-fit metrics.

Glue opcode Affected clients Affected gas params
CALLDATALOAD besu (both), erigon (R²), ethrex (R²), geth (R²), nethermind (R²), reth (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE
EXP erigon (R²), nethermind (both) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE
GT besu (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS
JUMPDEST besu (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE
JUMPI erigon (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE, COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE
KECCAK256 besu (R²), erigon (R²), ethrex (both), geth (R²), nethermind (both), reth (both) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE
LT besu (R²) COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE
MSTORE reth (R²) COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS, COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE
SWAP besu (R²), nethermind (R²) COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS, COLD_STORAGE_WRITE

Other

Poor-fit selections

Rows where the winning fit's p-value exceeded modeling.poor_fit_p_value_threshold (0.05) or its R² fell below modeling.poor_fit_rsquared_threshold (0.5). The failing threshold(s) are noted alongside each row; selections in ### Winners with poor fit still drive the proposal, while ### Other weak candidates lists losing candidates that the selector dropped in favor of a qualified alternative. See runtime_estimation_autogenerated_report.md for per-fit runtime_ms, pvalue, and rsquared metrics.

Winners with poor fit

None.

Other weak candidates

COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_ACCESS — 1 weak combo
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_account_access EXTCODECOPY target_coef besu (R²)
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_ACCESS — 2 weak combos
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_account_access EXTCODECOPY target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT besu (R²)
test_account_access EXTCODECOPY target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT besu (R²)
COLD_ACCOUNT_NOCODE_WRITE — 3 weak combos
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_account_access CALL target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL ethrex (R²), reth (R²)
test_account_access CALLCODE target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_EOA / param_opcode=CALLCODE ethrex (both)
test_account_access CALLCODE target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE besu (R²), ethrex (R²), reth (R²)
COLD_ACCOUNT_CODE_WRITE — 3 weak combos
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_account_access CALL target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALL ethrex (R²), reth (R²)
test_account_access CALLCODE target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.EXISTING_CONTRACT / param_opcode=CALLCODE ethrex (both)
test_account_access CALLCODE target_coef param_account_mode=AccountMode.NON_EXISTING_ACCOUNT / param_opcode=CALLCODE besu (R²), ethrex (R²), reth (R²)
WARM_ACCESS — 4 weak combos
Test Target opcode Coef Combo Failing clients
test_ext_account_query_warm BALANCE target_coef param_opcode=BALANCE besu (R²)
test_ext_account_query_warm EXTCODEHASH target_coef param_opcode=EXTCODEHASH besu (R²)
test_ext_account_query_warm EXTCODESIZE target_coef param_opcode=EXTCODESIZE besu (R²), reth (R²)
test_storage_sload_same_key_benchmark SLOAD target_coef reth (R²)